Vulnerability has been referred to in a wide range of multidisciplinary contexts, including development, medical, public health and nutrition, and environmental hazards, climate change and disasters [5157]. Some "green" technologies are not truly green 11. This includes making information available, because information reduces uncertainty and widens decision-making options [102]. Their stories need to be heard and taken into consideration when designing appropriate solutions for their recognition and inclusion in waste management. How Improper Waste Disposal Affects the Environment Xi B, Jiang Y, Li M, et al Groundwater pollution and its risks in solid waste disposal sites. Hazards linked to household waste affect the environment and particularly those who work with waste. Certain individuals, households, and societies are more exposed to health hazards in the physical environment than others, burdening disproportionately those already characterized by socio-economic inequality, discrimination, and/or psychosocial stress from their social environment [3537]. Kuijer PPFM, Sluiter JK, FringsDresen MH. The prescriptive and normative response to vulnerability is to reduce exposure, enhance coping capacity, strengthen recovery potential, and bolster damage control via private and public means [60]. Paper, plastics and other materials that are burned can contaminate the air when they are burned. -Improper Waste Disposal causes health issues such as respiratory disease and gastroenteritis. These are small steps which can have huge impacts on waste pickers' health. Improper disposal of solid waste causes variouse environmental problems like soil, water and air pollution as well as surface and ground water contamination. confirmed that simple sanitary landfills generated the highest amount of CO 2, followed by sanitary landfill with CH 4 collection, municipal incineration, and finally reutilization of woody waste . In many parts of the world, improper waste disposal causes a lot of problems. Resulting flooding and other standing waters (PDF) Environmental impacts of improper solid waste management in These responsibilities make it difficult for girls to attend school during school hours. The project which over the years expanded into a programme aimed at building participatory processes and strengthening the organization of waste pickers to expand existing capacities and to increase the effectiveness and safety during collection, separation, stocking, and commercialization of recyclables. This category can include mixed waste material that is also reactive, corrosive or ignitable. Urban infrastructure in context. The following figure lists some of the protective measures that help reduce household waste-borne health hazards for waste pickers (Figure 1). Anton Shcherbakov, a 44-year old filmmaker and father of a 3-year-old, lives in Kyiv,Ukraine. These communicable diseases can lead to death if not treated immediately. Offenhuber D. The site is secure. Mazhindu E, Gumbo T, Gondo T. There are currently no specific public policies in place in Brazil to reduce health risks for waste pickers in informal household waste recycling. This paper discusses the risks and hazards for waste pickers in low- and medium-income countries from inadequately handled household waste. 'My heart is broken': As invasion and explosions hit Ukraine, DC - WJLA During their interactions with households to collect recyclable materials, waste pickers often perform additional services, such as informing household members about which materials can be recycled, how to best separate and explain the significance of recycling to the environment. Lung infections such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, and influenza are caused by pathogens released into the air by medical waste. While the results reflect specific working conditions of these cooperatives, most risk factors identified are common to the majority of organized recycling groups in Brazil and are also relevant to waste pickers in other low- and middle-income countries. Some waste will eventually rot, but not all, and in the process it may smell, or generate methane gas, which is explosive and contributes to the greenhouse effect. Our research seeks to highlight particularly the everyday hazardous situations under which organized waste pickers work with household waste. Adequate collection and redirection, particularly of hazardous materials within household waste, must be safeguarded. National Library of Medicine NOx, SOx, carbon dioxide, ozone) are emitted during waste collection processes, posing potential hazards to human health and the environment [94]. The vulnerable groups, exposed to waste-borne hazards, include waste pickers and particularly those that are not organized, municipal and private waste collectors/workers, small waste traders and potentially the residents at large. This work was supported by the Canadian International Development Agency: [Grant Number S61268-571/I]. Every recycling group should undergo an assessment of their work flow and make adjustments. Critical systems theory [28,29] applied to waste studies captures the circularity and the linear flows of the materiality in production, consumption, and discard and helps identify hierarchical power structures involved in these processes. Informal settlements face serious challenges due to improper waste management infrastructure, lack of collection services, and inadequate waste disposal [24,79,80]. Research shows that a higher occurrence of anti-hepatitis A virus (+) is found among the municipal waste workers than the non-waste-exposed group [48]. In areas where cities dont properly manage waste, at least 2 billion people use drinking water sources that have been contaminated with feces. We also would like to acknowledge the many discussions and learning experiences with colleagues in Brazil, including Nidia N. Pontuschka, Angela M. Baeder, Sonia M. N. Felipone, and Tereza L. F. dos Santos. Most waste pickers operate completely informal and are not related to any programme or organization. Fluxes, networks, and processes of metabolically transformed nature form a new socio-natural hybrid [3032]. Risk factor perception of organized waste pickers. The TAU team engaged with local community members, businesses and government leaders, civil society organizations and other stakeholders to gain input and recommendations . E-waste workers/collectors in Ghana are among the poorest and most vulnerable group in this countrys urban population. This problem could be solved by taking the tip of the thumb and index finger off of one glove to provide the ability to still identify materials while protecting most of the hand from contact with sharp objects and contaminated materials. Download the guidance on solid waste and health. Some other groundwater contamination indicators include Cl, HCO3, Cl/HCO3, Zn, Na, NH4, SEC, hardness, P, metals, NH4, NO3, TDS, SO4, Fe, COD, Cr, Ni, Cu, CN, microorganisms [101]. Vulnerability of waste collectors and waste pickers can be defined as the exposures to toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes generated either from household or non-household sources, which may have serious consequences for their health. Other community members were also contaminated due to the contact with these workers. Waste is separated into the following categories. Inscribing a square: urban data as public space, State of the worlds cities 2010/2011: bridging the urban divide. On infrastructure legibility In: Offenhuber D, Schechtner K, editor. At those levels, its possible for the waste to wear down metal containers, such as waste storage bins, and leak harmful materials. Education and facilitated access to these vaccines is an important measure to prevent risks. Heavy metal contamination in foodstuff, house dust, farm soil, and groundwater were found in an e-waste recycling area in China, where work processes are currently not regulated [50]. Informal and organized waste pickers, municipal or private waste collectors/workers, small waste traders and sometimes residents, particularly small children, may be considered vulnerable if exposed to waste-borne hazards. Participants listed the following categories in which they separate the materials (Table 1). Her pieces on topics including DNA sequencing, tissue engineering and stem cell advances have been featured in publications including BioTechniques: the International Journal of Life Science Methods, Popular Mechanics, Futurism and Gizmodo. Nevertheless, access to personal protective equipment (gloves and mouth protection) is rare in this activity, and even if available, recyclers do not always wear the equipment. For residential solutions, visit Think Green from Home . Low-income residents are not passive about deteriorating socio-environmental conditions in their communities and create extensive informal sectors of waste pickers who collect and recycle household waste [16,17]. The Mega Central Carolina Maria Jesus, a large-scale recycling facility run by the city of So Paulo and operated in part with the work force of waste pickers, receives the selected waste collection from neighbourhoods in the South of the city So Paulo. Review of occupational health problems and their possible causes, Working conditions and environmental exposures among electronic waste workers in Ghana, Hepatitis B virus infection among the medical waste handlers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection among the municipal solid-waste workers, Environmental diagnosis of hazardous household waste and the family health strategy as liaison for the implementation of a management program in the South of Brazil, Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health, Social vulnerability to climate change and extremes in coastal Vietnam, Vulnerability: a view from different disciplines, Social Protection Discussion Paper Series, Vulnerability, capacity and resilience: perspectives for climate and development policy, Are some groups more vulnerable to macroeconomic shocks than others? How Our Trash Impacts the Environment - Earth Day 10 Solutions to Improper Waste Disposal - Environment Go! About 54 million tons of e-waste, such as TVs, computers and phones, are created annually (2019 data) with an expected increase to 75 million tons by 2030. Both liquid and solid waste management practices in urban informal settlements can pose significant risks to the environment and human health [85]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the A critical systems perspective to environmental health in addition provides attention to the social environment. The absence or mismanagement of basic infrastructure poses serious consequences to human and environmental health. Over 2 billion tons of municipal solid waste are produced annually. The research involved six recycling cooperatives of the metropolitan region of So Paulo (two members per cooperative). Improper Disposal of Household Hazardous Waste: Landfill/Municipal Another one of the biggest causes of waste disposal gone wrong comes at the hands of business and municipal leaders. The implementation of safe collection praxis (e.g. Solid waste management is a universal issue that matters to every single person in the world. Informal settlements face serious challenges due to improper waste management infrastructure, lack of collection services, and inadequate waste . 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Some of the most common toxins found in waste are asbestos, cyanide, cadmium, mercury, lead, persistent organic pollutants, arsenic and clinical waste. There is also the risk of explosion and fire due to the production of methane gas on landfilling sites [88]. The results include recommendations to address household waste-borne hazards and vulnerabilities, according to waste workers involved in this research. An official website of the United States government. in waste items favour cholera and vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. One of the other causes of improper garbage disposal is inaccessibility. In, Meske, P. J. Leptospirosis is easily transmitted through inhalation or contact with infected animals tissue or rat urine. deconstructing gendered spaces in the informal waste economy of Nigerian cities, Partnerships for solid waste management in developing countries: linking theories to realities, Solid waste management in the worlds cities, Airways inflammation and glucan exposure among the waste collectors, Adverse health effects among household waste collectors in Taiwan, Respiratory symptoms among the Danish waste collectors, Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and lead co-exposure with child physical growth and development in an e-waste recycling town, Source gas emission and ambient air quality around the Eneka co-disposal landfill in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Memory and the Politics of Remembrance: the aftermath of Goinia Radiological Disaster, Solid waste management in the slums and squatter settlements in the city of Bangalore, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. The official recognition and formalization of the activities would protect the workers from health hazards [27,104]. Household hazardous waste (HHW) is not always separated for proper handling before disposal. The effects of improper sewage disposal can sometimes lead to outbreaks of deadly diseases, such as: There are several reasons that waste gets improperly managed. Household solid waste management practices and perceptions among Too many Single-Use Plastics improperly managed e-waste and its components can cause multiple adverse health and developmental impacts especially in young children. Capacity-building is concerned with social and political relationships and concentrates on enabling people to overcome discriminatory practices that limit their life-chances. The spaces where the separation of recyclable material happens, for example recycling cooperatives and associations, community recycling depots, as well as the scrap dealers or middlemen premises often dont have adequate ventilation or present leaking roofs which promotes bacterial growth and the development of fungus, which can cause respiratory disease to the workers in this environment. Central Street, 33, S. Sezenkiv, Kyiv Region, 07524. The installation of toilets and latrines may enable school children, especially menstruating girls, to further their education by remaining in the school system. We understand household waste as the solid waste generated at the household level. We are deeply grateful for their insights and stories. Informal waste collection and its coexistence with the formal waste sector: the case of Kampala, Uganda, Solid waste management in African cities: sorting the facts from the fads in Accra, Ghana. Gutberlet J, Kain J-H, Nyakinya B, et al. The literature review focusses mostly on recent work (since 2000) published in international academic occupational health journals. Before Waste pickers organized in unions, associations, cooperatives, or social enterprises can also act as environmental stewards, educating the population on clean source separation and on the recyclability of materials. The workshops involved brainstorming and active learning, applying collective mapping, acting, and drawing methods focused on possible risks and health hazards as well as respective strategies to overcome these. Illegal Dumping: Causes, Effects and Solutions to Huge Piles of Wastes are other common diseases spread due to improper waste management. The original environmental health approach reflects a mostly natural science perspective, with concerns focused on the direct, biophysical effects of the environment on human health, thus oriented towards the protection of human health through regulation and standards. Such an integrated conceptual framework also becomes essential to understanding and acting on environmental justice and environmental equity concerns. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Reactivity: This category includes waste that could cause explosions or toxic gases when mixed with water, certain temperatures or pressure. Household waste, health risks, vulnerability, waste pickers, informal sector, waste management, recycling, low- and middle-income countries, OECD Sector case studies: household energy and water consumption and waste generation: trends, environmental impacts and policy responses, (ENV/EPOC/WPNEP(2001)15/FINAL) Organisation for economic cooperation and development environment directorate 19992001 programme on sustainable development, 2001. Whether you need help solving quadratic equations, inspiration for the upcoming science fair or the latest update on a major storm, Sciencing is here to help. An inefficient urban solid waste management system may create serious negative ecological impacts like . Now he is hunkered down with his family, ready to leave at a moments' notice. Most organized waste pickers require infrastructural support and capacity training in specific areas (e.g. Public health implication of solid waste generated by households in Household waste further contains a few other hazardous materials, such as electric and electronic items, cooking oil, batteries, fluorescent lamps, or other materials which bare specific health risks. Gowda K, Chandrashekar MN, Sridhara MV, et al. Background Waste poses a threat to public health and the environment if it is not stored, collected, and disposed of properly. Focusing on the environment and human security nexus In: Beer T, editor. neighbouring communities. The participatory research then suggests some measures as to how household waste-borne risks and hazards can be mitigated and how vulnerabilities can be made visible and reduced. Work-related disorders and injuries have been detected among the waste collectors around the world, such as respiratory problems, infectious diseases, gastrointestinal issues, muscle pain, fever, headache, fatigue, irritation of eyes and skins, mechanical trauma, pulmonary problems, chronic bronchitis, musculoskeletal damage and hearing loss, poor emotional well-being, and other specific types of injuries [26,44,45]. Haines A, Kovats RS, Campbell-Lendrum D, et al. The form in which waste is handled matters profoundly and decisions over which methods or technologies to apply can have long-term consequences. Focusing mainly on solid waste generation ana management, the thesis identifies the main types of waste generated and the amount collected by the Kisii Municipal Council. Examples you might find in your home include battery acid, cleaning solutions with high acidity or alkalinity and rust removers. As such, household waste collectors and waste pickers are at risk of developing chronic respiratory symptoms such as cough, phlegm, wheezing, and chronic bronchitis [74,75]. The generation of reliable statistics and baseline information on the socio-economic conditions and health situation of waste pickers to design and implement risk prevention programmes, continuous workers' health monitoring and research/educational activities from local to national levels. Household waste has evolved into a core urban challenge, with increased quantities of waste being generated and with more complex material compositions, often containing toxic and hazardous elements. Finally, bags filled with garbage can contain all sorts of hazardous substances posing a risk of contamination to waste pickers. PET, PP, and PAD containers sometimes containing urine, detergents, chlorine, food rests, etc. The everyday is both a key domain through which practices are regulated and normalised as well as an arena for negotiation, resistance and potential for difference ([10] p. 2). The Theory on Waste Management (2004) by E. Pongrcz, P. S. Phillips, and R. L. Keiski is used as a reference through the progression of the study. Homes, schools, restaurants, public places, markets, offices and so on produce a great deal of rubbish, garbage and used materials. Landfills also emit various air contaminants. Adamcova D, Vaverkova MD, Stejskal B, et al. Garbage dumping (often also referred to as trash dumping) can be defined as the process of getting rid of all kinds of waste. Over 2 billion tons of municipal solid Maks Levin - Wikipedia With their everyday activity of collecting materials for reuse and recycling, waste pickers are working towards resource recovery and are thus at the forefront of a significant change not just stressing waste collection but rather material reclamation. For these tasks to become effective and the service reliable, municipal governments need to commit to a collaborative partnership in waste management. E-waste recycling operations can cause higher levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans which may even impact on the health of next . Ojeda-Benitez S, Aguilar-Virgen Q, Taboada-Gonzalez P, et al. Decomposition of organic waste causes . Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Proper waste disposal can slow the infection cycle of many disease-causing agents. E-waste recycling operations can cause higher levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans which may even impact on the health of next generations [66]. One of the most common health problems linked to decaying organic matter are caused by aspergillomas, fungal balls that fix themselves in cavities such as the paranasal sinus. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. There are large intra-city inequalities in low- and medium-income countries, related to waste disposal and collection services [81]. The first author participated in the three research phases conducted between March and July 2011: mobilization, workshops, and feedback sessions, which generated the results of this intervention presented here.
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